Which of the following models exemplifies inter-process communication through shared memory?
Mailboxes
Pipes
Direct shared memory access.
Semaphores
What mechanism is typically employed in a file system to ensure consistency after a crash?
Commit Log
File Deletion
Backup and Restore
Redundant Storage
Which scheduling algorithm is characterized by assigning a fixed time slice to each process?
Shortest Job Next (SJN)
Round Robin (RR)
Priority Scheduling
First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)
What is the primary purpose of memory management in an operating system?
To provide user interfaces
To manage the data flow between the CPU and memory
To optimize the allocation and usage of memory resources
To control access to hardware devices
Which state does a process enter after it has completed its execution?
New
Ready
Terminated
Blocked
What type of fragmentation occurs when memory is allocated and deallocated in varying sizes?
Internal Fragmentation
External Fragmentation
Stack Fragmentation
Heap Fragmentation
What is a key feature of acyclic-graph directory structures?
Files can have multiple parents
Files are uniquely stored without redundancy
All files must have one parent
Files are stored in a single directory
What is the primary purpose of the process control block (PCB)?
To store information about process state and resources
To contain the program code of a process
To manage memory allocation for a process
To handle interrupt requests from hardware
What is the effect of context switching on system performance?
Increases memory consumption
Decreases task completion time
Decreases usable CPU time
Increases response time
In a two-level directory structure, how is the user directory stored?
It is not represented in this structure.
It is maintained in a separate file system.
It is stored as a sub-directory of a master directory.
It is stored directly at the root level.